Foreword

Chapter 1: Areas of Responsibility

Chapter 2: Safety and Accident-prevention Guidelines

Chapter 3: Emergencies

Chapter 4: Safety and Emergency Equipment

Chapter 5: Chemical Safety

APPENDIX: Temperature conversion

References

List of tables

Tables listed in this manual are:
 

Table 1: Flammability data of common laboratory solvents

Table 2: Maximum size of containers permitted for flammable liquids

Table 3: Maximum quantities permitted for flammable liquids

Table 4: Toxicity classifications

Table 5: Examples of common compounds that can form peroxides during storage

Table 6: Examples of chemicals that can form peroxides

Table 7: Examples of incompatible chemicals

The general safety and accident-prevention guidelines listed and explained in this chapter are intended to provide you with an overview of EH&S standards for UCF's laboratories.

Quick list of laboratory safety

• DON’T
• play in the laboratory
• store food in the laboratory refrigerators
• bring food or drink in the laboratory
• smoke in the laboratory
• use open flames near flammable materials
• use your mouth to siphon chemicals, with pipettes or any kind of siphoning device.

• DO
• wear protective clothing, and eyewear during experiments
• follow all safety precautions listed for each lab experiment
• know the locations of safety and first aid equipment
• know the locations of emergency telephone listings
• know the properties and reactions of each chemical you use.

Chapter 1: Areas of Responsibility

Responsibility for laboratory safety at UCF is covered at many different levels:

1.1 University President/Board of Trustees

These entities have ultimate legal responsibility for laboratory safety and the university's compliance with the OSHA Lab Standard.

1.2 Environmental Health& Safety/ Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO)

EH&S is responsible for coordinating laboratory safety programs at UCF.  A respresentative from EH&S is appointed as the university Chemical Hygiene Officer.  The CHO's duties are to maintain and update the Chemical Hygiene Plan,  coordinate the process of inspecting individual laboratories to ensure lab safety and compliance with the OSHA Lab Standard.

1.3 Functional Area Manager

Each laboratory unit shall designate an individual to serve as the FAM.  A laboratory unit might be a single lab, a group of research labs all under the direction of the same Principal Investigator, or a group of instructional laboratories within a single department.  The FAM's shall serve as a point of contact between the laboratory personnel and EH&S. 

1.4 Department Heads

Each department head has the responsibility for safety compliance for the laboratories in her/his department.  This responsibility takes the form of ensuring that Principal Investigators are aware of the laboratory safety program requirements and mandating lab unit participation.  Departmental safety officers or committees may serve in the delegation of this responsibility. 

1.5  Principle Investigators (PI's)

PI's have the ultimate responsibility for ensuring operations conducted by persons under their supervision are planned and carried out in accordance with the CHP and to develop procedures that address unique characteristics and hazards of the individual lab. 

1.6  Laboratory Personnel

Laboratory workers are responsible for following established protocols unique to their lab and to develop good personal laboratory safety and chemical hygiene habits.

Chapter 2: Safety and Accident-prevention Guidelines

This section contains guidelines for displaying, reading, and understanding hazard information to communicate the existence of hazards in the laboratory.

2.1.1. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Understanding the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is necessary for laboratory workers to receive hazardous chemical information as specified by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard.  Under this standard manufacturers of hazardous chemicals are required to submit a detailed MSDS of every chemical they sell or distribute to their clients. Any MSDS information must always be available in the laboratory. In addition, EH&S keeps the master files of MSDS information for all of UCF

2.1.2. Hazard Warning signs

Hazard Warning signs indicate the nature of any potential hazard contained in the laboratory or storage area.

Hazard warning signs indicate:

• Emergency telephone numbers -- the names and phone number of individuals within each department to be contacted in the event of an emergency.
• Hazard information -- pictures that indicate the types of hazards present in the laboratory. Examples of hazards are biohazards, carcinogens, flammable solvents, radioactive materials, and lasers.

2.1.3. Container labels

Each container in the laboratory must have a label describing the contents and the relevant hazards associated with them. Label all chemical containers, including waste containers. If mixtures are in the container, give the percentage of each hazardous chemical present in the mixture. 

2.3. Health and Hygiene
Observing these practical aspects of health and hygiene can help reduce your risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals.

2.3.1. Housekeeping

When doing laboratory housekeeping, make sure work areas are clean and free from obstructions. Always clean up:

• After completing any operation or experiment
• At the end of the day.
• Excess chemical residues on work surfaces and containers.
• Remember that a neat laboratory is less likely to experience spills or accidents than a messy laboratory.

Don't use aisles, hallways, and stairways for storage areas. If you run out of room for storage or you do not know where to store an item, use common sense: check with your supervisor or contact the Lab Manager.

2.3.1.1. General housekeeping guidelines

Observe these general housekeeping guidelines:

• DON’T
• Store bottles or equipment on a shelf that is situated over a laboratory bench unless a guard rail is installed on the shelf. The guard rail prevents items on the shelf from falling over
• Use hoods as permanent storage areas for chemicals. Storing chemicals in hoods blocks their airflow systems, clutters up workspace, and increases the amount of materials that can become involved in a fire.
• Store bottles on the floor without secondary containment in place.

• DO
• Label new containers clearly with information displaying the contents of the container, the date of purchase or opening of the chemical, and the name of the person using the chemical
• Run a periodic inventory of the chemicals stored in the laboratory to find outdated or unneeded chemicals. Return unneeded items to the store room or request a hazardous waste pick-up service at http://www.ehs.ucf.edu/hazwaste/wasteinstructions.html
• Arrange for the disposal of old or outdated solutions. Contact the laboratory supervisor to arrange for the removal or safe storage of all hazardous materials
• Clean up spills and broken glassware immediately
• Place wastes in proper containers.

NOTE

Always examine the status of containers. Replace worn-out labels with new, clearly-marked labels.

Keep the quantity of chemicals stored in the laboratory to the minimum needed for conducting experiments. Do not hoard chemicals!

2.3.1. Food and drink

WARNING

No eating, drinking, or smoking is allowed in the laboratory!
Never store food in the laboratory!

Use the break room for storing, using, and handling food and drink.

Food, drink, smoking materials, and other consumables are potential routes-of-exposure for hazardous materials. Contact, by any method, of hazardous chemicals to items you consume can create a health risk to you and your co-workers.

Observe these practical guidelines for handling food and drink:

• DON’T

• Take food and drink into any laboratory, especially when a toxicity hazard is present
• Use laboratory glassware or utensils for consumables
• Use laboratory equipment such as chemical-storage refrigerators and cold rooms, no matter how convenient they might be, for the storage of food and drink
• Smoke cigarettes, cigars, and pipes anywhere except in specifically designated smoking areas.

• DO
• Store food and drink in separate, clearly-labeled equipment in a room designated exclusively for eating and drinking, such as a break room
• Reserve utensils in the break room exclusively for use with food and drink.

Observe these practical guidelines for hand washing:

• Avoid the use of solvents for washing
• Wash hands often, even when you are wearing gloves
• Wash hands before and after working in the laboratory.

NOTE
Some solvents can remove several protective oils from the skin, cause irritation and inflammation, and in some cases, the solvents aid the skin in absorbing toxic material.

2.3.3. Pipettes

WARNING

Never use your mouth to siphon liquids through pipettes. Always use a siphoning bulb!

Pipettes are thin glass tubes used for siphoning liquids. Use pipettes with a siphoning bulb or vacuum device to transfer chemicals.

2.3.4. Preparation for chemical spills

Chemical spills can be handled effectively if you prepare and are familiar with the proper cleanup procedures.

Preparation consists of:

• The potential location of the spill
• The quantities of material that might be released
• The chemical and physical properties of the material (physical state, vapor pressure, reactivity, and so on)
• The hazardous properties of the material
• The types of personal protective equipment needed
• The location of MSDS information.

Be sure spill kits are available in your laboratory. Spill kit materials include:

• Neutralizing agents such as sodium carbonate or sodium bisulfate
• Absorbents such as vermiculite or spill socks
• Pipettes and traps for mercury spills
• Vacuum line type
• Needle-nose type
• Extra containers or overpacks to store spilled materials.

2.3.5. Working alone

If you are working alone or after hours, make arrangements with other persons in the building to check with each other periodically.

Experiments which are hazardous shall not be performed by a worker who is alone in a laboratory.

2.3.6. Unattended operations

Unattended operations which may continue for several hours or overnight should be approved by the laboratory supervisor.

Operations should be designed to be safe, and plans should be made to avoid hazards in the event of a failure in power, water, gas, or some other service. Room lights should be left on and an appropriate warning sign should be placed on the door.
 

2.4. Safe Use of Equipment
The safe use of equipment is an important step in achieving a safe working environment in the laboratory.

2.4.1. Refrigerators

Every refrigerator should be clearly labeled to indicate whether it is suitable for storage of flammable liquids. Flammable liquids stored in a refrigerator must be in closed containers.

Three types of refrigerators are available for use:

• The common household refrigerator
• The explosion-safe refrigerator
• The explosion-proof refrigerator.

The common household refrigerator is not equipped with explosion-safe controls or door switches and should not be used to cool flammable liquids because sparks from controls or door switches may ignite the vapor-air mixture.

2.4.1.2. The explosion-safe refrigerator

The explosion-safe refrigerator is constructed with its controls mounted outside the storage compartment. This type refrigerator is suitable for storing flammable liquids.

2.4.1.3. The explosion-proof refrigerator

The explosion-proof refrigerator also has its controls mounted on the outside. In addition, the controls are of an explosion-proof design. This type is needed only where both the internal and external environment present a fire or explosion hazard.

2.4.2. Heating equipment

Heating equipment is divided into two types: steam-heated devices and electrically-heated devices.

2.4.2.1. Steam-heated devices

Steam-heated devices should be used whenever possible. When you use steam-heated devices, you are not at risk of electric shock or spark hazards as when using electrically-heated devices or Bunsen burners. Steam-heated devices can be left unattended with the assurance that their operating temperature will not rise beyond 100º C (212º F).

2.4.2.3. Electrically-heated devices

WARNING

Do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended maximum input voltage on any electrically-heated device.

Never support an electrically-heated oil bath on an iron ring. You risk tipping the bath.

Heating mantles. Electrically-heated heating mantles must be checked frequently for broken fiberglass coating and for water or chemical spillings.

Hot plates. Electrically-heated hot plates may be used, provided they are in a glass, ceramic, metal, or other insulated case.

Oil baths. Electrically heated oil baths must be constantly monitored with a thermometer to ensure that the temperature of the bath does not exceed the flash point of the oil used. If the temperature is too high, smoking or splattering can occur:

• Smoking results from the decomposition of oil and organic materials in the oil
• Splattering is caused by water or some other oil-volatile substance getting into oil heated over 100º C (212º F). In splattering, the oil bubbles very fast and very hot, and spurts out over a wide area.

NOTE

Older electrically-heated devices can cause spark hazards because of faulty on/off switches. Report faulty wiring or frayed cords to your Lab Manager.

2.4.2.4. Burners

Burners require a heat-distribution device such as a wire gauze pad. As with all heating equipment, burners should not be left on when not in use. You should understand the hazards of burners before proceeding with an experiment.

2.4.3. Glassware

Glassware is by its nature fragile and dangerous. Careful handling is required:

• Neatly and carefully store all glassware
• Repair or discard damaged glassware
• Protect your hands when inserting glass tubing into stoppers or when attaching rubber tubing to glass hose connections.

1. Wrap a cloth around the glass item
2. Hold hands close together and insert the tube with a slight twisting motion. Avoid putting too much pressure on the glass item.

Tubing should be fire-polished or filed smooth and lubricated.

2.4.4. Chemical fume hoods

WARNING

Do not store chemicals in the hood. Keep materials stored in hoods to a minimum and in a manner that will not interfere with the airflow.

Do not use the hood as a chemical disposal.

Chemical fume hoods are intended to remove vapors, gas, and dust of toxic, flammable, corrosive, or otherwise dangerous materials. Also, laboratory fume hoods can give you protection from such hazards as chemical splashes, sprays, or fires if you lower hood sashes to the indicated level of proper airflow. However, hoods are not designed to withstand explosions.

2.4.4.1. Daily operation of fume hoods

In the daily operation of fume hoods, observe these guidelines:

• Make simple checks to determine that the hood is working before performing hazardous operations. For example, hold a small piece of paper held at the face of the hood. If the hood is working, the paper will be sucked inward
• Keep the sash at the recommended height to attain the proper air inflow. You can find the recommended sash height posted on each hood. These specifications are checked and updated twice a year by EH&S
• Conduct experiments well inside the hood. Use chemicals and equipment 5 to 10 centimeters (cm) back from the front edge of the hood. Moving containers and equipment back from the front edge can reduce your risk to toxic vapor concentration by 90%.

Using perchloric acid requires specially-designed hoods. For the specifications of a perchloric-acid fume hood, contact EH&S.

2.4.5. Hazards of particular equipment

For your safety and for the safety of others, you should be aware of hazards of particular equipment in handling, processing, or transporting chemicals.

2.4.5.1. Liquid-nitrogen-cooled traps

Liquid-nitrogen-cooled traps, when open, rapidly condense liquid from the air. Subsequently, when the coolant is released, an explosive pressure buildup occurs, usually with enough force to shatter glass equipment. Therefore, only sealed or evacuated equipment should be cooled.

2.4.5.2. Vacuum distillations

Residues from vacuum distillations (from example, ethyl palminate) have been known to explode when the still was vented to air before the residue cooled. To prevent explosion, do one of three things: vent the still pot with nitrogen, cool the still before venting, or restore the pressure slowly.

2.5. Disposal of Hazardous Chemical Waste
In UCF laboratories, disposal of hazardous chemical waste is regulated by federal agencies. A review of the properties of hazardous chemical waste, the federal regulations, and waste disposal procedures are discussed in this section. Also, see Chapter 5: Chemical Safety in this manual.

2.5.1. Definition of hazardous chemical waste

Hazardous chemical waste is defined as having one or more of these characteristics:

• Ignitable -- a flash point of less than 194.4ºC (140ºF)

• Corrosive

• Reactive

• Toxic.

If you are not sure whether your chemical waste is considered to be hazardous, contact your Lab Manager or call EH&S.

2.5.2. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was devised with the mission to promote the protection of the environment and of human health. A tracking system for hazardous chemical wastes has been developed in order to accomplish this mission. The system has an approach known as the cradle-to-grave system -- that is, hazardous chemical wastes are tracked from the place of production to the place of disposal.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department Of Transportation (DOT) have produced the regulations for hazardous wastes. The EPA and DOT require that all materials that are, or have the potential to be, hazardous chemical wastes be specifically identified.

Principal investigators have the responsibility for proper handling and storage of hazardous chemical wastes in the laboratories.

2.5.3. Collection of hazardous chemical waste

EH&S is responsible for the collection of hazardous chemical waste from each laboratory and arranging for shipment to a hazardous waste management facility as approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). To notify EH&S about a waste pick-up, use the Hazardous Chemical Transport Manifest. See Figure 2.6 on page 30 for a copy of the Manifest.

The principal investigator is responsible for seeing that all hazardous chemical waste is correctly and permanently labeled.

Observe these guidelines:

• DON’T
• Mix heavy metals with solvents
• Mix acids or bases with flammable solvents
• Mix wastes of different hazard classes.

• DO
• Label properly and pack carefully any chemical waste that will be picked up by EH&S
• Segregate the chemical waste into different, appropriate containers according to hazard classes (flammable liquids, corrosives, poisons, and so on). Chemical wastes cannot be disposed of if the specific chemical class is unknown
• Store halogenated organics such as carbon tetrachloride and chloroform separately from other solvents.

For further details on hazardous chemical waste procedures, see the UCF Environmental Management Work Practices for Laboratory Operations.

NOTE

When dealing with a spill, never mix halogenated solvents with non-halogenated solvents.

EH&S cannot accept unlabeled or generically-labeled chemicals (example: titration waste), and wastes in improper containers.

Always keep wastes in containers appropriate for the chemical constituents involved, and always use containers with good, quality seals.

WARNING
Only when a fire presents an immediate life-threatening situation should you fight the fire.

For a fire to occur, a triangle of three elements -- fuel, oxidizer, and ignition source -- have to be present. Preventative measures described in this manual can help keep fire from occurring by removing one or more of the elements from the work area. Once a fire is ignited the fuel proceeds through a series of chemical reactions until it is converted to the final products of burning. Fire fighters call the combinations that influence ignition the fire triangle. See Figure 2.7 below for an example of the fire triangle.
2.6.1. Fire Prevention Procedures For Laboratories With Chemicals (NFPA 45 Standard)

This standard and its procedures were developed by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA). They apply to all teaching, research, or contract laboratories which use chemicals, except:

• Health care facility laboratories
• Incidental testing facilities
• Pilot plants
• Physical, instrument, or electronic laboratories.

Maintain all laboratories as No Smoking areas. Place signs to visibly mark these areas.

2.6.1.2. General chemical hazards

Place signs explaining the nature of chemical hazards contained in the laboratories. Ensure that these signs are visible at the entrance doors to each laboratory.

2.6.1.3. General labels

Label all chemicals clearly with both the chemical name and the nature of any hazards common to that chemical. Include special protection information if possible.

2.6.1.4. Storage

Isolate hazardous chemicals and store as to hazard types:

• Flammables
• Corrosives
• Poisons and toxins
• Reactives
• Gas cylinders.

Ensure that flammable chemicals are stored only in UL-listed, flammable-rated storage cabinets, gas cans, or refrigerators

2.6.1.6. Explosives and reactives

Ensure that all explosives or pyrophoric reactives are stored only in UL-listed explosion-proof refrigerators or containers.

2.6.1.7. Compressed gas cylinders

Ensure that all compressed gas cylinders are stored in a safe location and chained. Cylinders must be capped when not in use.

2.6.1.8. Warnings for flammable chemicals or gases

Use these warning signs or labels for flammable chemicals or gases:

• Flammable
• No open flames
• No sparking tools
• No energized electrical equipment.

Ensure that a responsible person is assigned to periodically check out and inspect laboratory equipment. Equipment includes items such as Bunsen burners, electrical appliances, hot plates, and electrical cords.

2.6.1.10. Gas valves and pipelines

WARNING

Before restoring gas after a shutdown:

All gas valves and stopcocks must be checked and turned off!

Always shut off gas valves after use. Make sure that all piping and line connections are free from damage, defect, or flaw. In addition:

• Know where the main gas shut-off is for your areas
• Know gas service restoration procedures.

Chemical safety means personal safety. Review this chapter carefully. If you would like more details on specific aspects of chemical safety, contact EH&S.

Safety and emergency equipment is intended to protect you from injury if a serious incident occurs. Properly used, safety and emergency equipment can reduce the exposure to injury caused by chemicals, broken glass, burning materials, fires, and other causes.

Signs posted in sections of the labs will help you to quickly find the locations of safety showers, eyewash stations, exits, and fire extinguishers.

NOTE

For your safety, know the locations of, and how to use safety and emergency equipment. Become familiar with emergency procedures!

CHAPTER 3 Emergencies

This chapter reviews emergency procedures that are discussed in more detail in the UCF Emergency Management Plan see http://www.ehs.ucf.edu/emergency/emergencyplan.html

Reporting an emergency: quick-reference

Call Police / Medical: 911

When reporting an emergency, include if possible:

Your name
Telephone number
Building
Floor
Room number
Condition of any injured people (unconscious, burned, trapped)
Type of fire (if there is one).

Shock is a dangerous condition and can be fatal. Expect some degree of shock in any emergency. DO NOT move seriously-injured people unless they are in danger of further injury.  Stay on the line if requested by the operator.

3.2. First Aid Treatment

This section deals with procedures for dealing with laboratory accidents.

3.2.1. Chemical spills on the body

WARNING

Do not use neutralizing chemicals or salves on body parts affected by a chemical spill!

If chemicals have been spilled over a large area of the body:

Quickly remove all contaminated clothing while using the safety shower. Immediately flood the exposed areas with cold water for at least 15 minutes. Resume if pain returns. Wash off chemicals by using a mild detergent or soap and water.

If chemicals have been spilled on a confined area of the skin:

Immediately flush with cold water. Remove any jewelry in the affected area. If a delayed action of the chemical is possible, obtain medical attention promptly.

Examples of chemicals harmful to the skin: ethyl bromide, hydrochloric acid, methyl bromide, and sodium hydroxide.

3.2.2. Chemicals in the eyes

If a chemical has been splashed into the eyes, wash out the eyes and inner surface of the eyelids with lots of water for 15 minutes.

Use an eyewash fountain, if available. Place the injured person on the back, hold the eyes open, and gently pour water into the eyes. If an eyewash fountain is not available, use the nearest available sink or spigot.

3.2.3. Poisoning

Quick-reference

If professional help cannot be reached immediately, call 911, request the poison control center, and follow their instructions.

If poisoning is suspected:

If the victim is conscious:

Do encourage the victim to drink water or milk immediately to dilute poison. At the same time call 911 and ask for the Poison Control Center for professional medical help. Describe the poisonous substance and the victim's condition. Ask for first aid instruction

Do administer any antidote recommended by Poison Control Center as soon as possible.

If the victim is unconscious, having convulsions, becomes nauseated or vomits:

Don't force fluids

Don't give any other first aid if the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions

Do get professional medical assistance. Apply rescue breathing techniques or CPR if necessary. If the victim is convulsing, protect from injury; loosen tight clothing if possible.

3.2.3.1. Vomiting poisons

Follow these guidelines for vomiting poisons:

Do not Induce vomiting if the poison is

Unknown

A corrosive substance (acid, cleaning fluid, lye, drain cleaner)

A petroleum product (gasoline, turpentine, paint thinner, lighter fluid)

Activated charcoal is used to absorb poisons in these situations.

Induce vomiting if the poison is known and is not a corrosive substance or petroleum product.

To induce vomiting:

Give an adult one ounce of syrup of ipecac (1/2 ounce for a child) followed by four or five glasses of water. If vomiting does not occur, repeat this procedure in 20 minutes

After the victim has vomited, follow with one ounce of powdered, activated charcoal in water, if available

Take the poison container (or vomitus if poison is unknown) with the victim to a hospital.

3.2.4. Burns and scalds

WARNING

If the clothing is on fire, do not let the person run. Running only fans the flames and intensifies the fire.

Help the individual to the floor and roll the person around to smother the flames

If a safety shower is immediately available, douse the person with water.

DON'T attempt to clean the burn or break blisters.

DON'T remove any clothing that sticks to burn.

DON'T apply grease, ointment, or medication to a severe burn.

DON'T use cotton or material with loose fibers to cover burns.

3.2.4.1. First degree burns

First degree burns -- redness or discoloration of skin surface; mild swelling and pain.

For treating first degree burns:

Apply cool, wet cloths or immerse in cool water. Do not use ice

Blot gently; apply a dry, sterile pad if necessary

Usually medical treatment is not necessary. However, if severe symptoms exist, call for professional medical help. Be alert for signs of shock.
 

3.2.4.2. Second degree burns

Second degree burns -- deep burn with red or mottled appearance; blisters; considerable pain and swelling; skin surface appears wet.

For treating second degree burns:

See treatment for first degree burns

In addition, if arms and legs are affected, elevate them above heart level. Burns may be deep and potentially serious requiring medical treatment depending on extent and location. Be alert for signs of shock and infection.

3.2.4.3. Third degree burns

WARNING

Call for medical assistance immediately. Be alert for signs of shock.

Third degree burns -- deep tissue destruction with a white or charred appearance; no pain.

3.2.5. Bleeding

For treatment of bleeding, act quickly:

Call for professional help immediately: call 911

Have victim lie down. Do not give the victim anything by mouth!

Elevate the injured limb higher than heart unless you suspect a broken bone

Control bleeding by applying direct pressure on the wound with a sterile pad or clean cloth

If bleeding is controlled by direct pressure, bandage firmly to protect wound. Check pulse to be sure bandage is not too tight

If bleeding is not controlled by use of direct pressure, apply a tourniquet only as a last resort

Call for professional help if you didn't do Step 1.

If you are bleeding and have no one to help you, call for professional medical help. Lie down, so your body weight applies pressure to the bleeding site.

3.2.6. Step-by-step wound care method to help prevent infection

Following this step-by-step wound care method can help prevent infection to injuries. When possible, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before administering first aid.

1. CLEANSE the wound and surrounding area gently with mild soap and water; rinse. Blot dry with sterile pad or clean cloth
2. TREAT the wound to protect against contamination
3. COVER the wound to absorb fluids and protect wound from further contamination. Handle only the edges of sterile pads and dressings
4. TAPE the wound secure with first aid tape to help keep out dirt and germs.

Chapter 4: Safety and Emergency Equipment

4.1. Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are required by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and OSHA regulations. In general, the regulations state that:

• Each laboratory must have a fire extinguisher of adequate size
• All fire extinguishers must be fully charged
• All fire extinguishers must be certified by an authorized service technician.

After reviewing this section, if you have any further questions regarding fire extinguishers for your lab, contact EH&S.

4.1.1. Types of fires and fire extinguishers

The type of extinguisher that needs to be available is based upon two factors:

• The class of fire
• The fire-fighting material.

• Class A -- paper, cloth, trash, or wood
• Class B -- oil, grease, flammable liquids
• Class C -- electrical
• Class D -- burning metal.

• Water (Class A)
• Carbon dioxide (Classes B and C)
• Dry chemical powder (Classes A, B, and C)
• Halons (Classes B and C)
• Sand or sodium chloride (Class D).

4.1.1.1. Water extinguishers

Water is effective against burning paper, cotton and wood fibers, and paper trash.

WARNING

Never use water on Class C electrical fires. You are at risk of electric shock if you use water on live electrical equipment.

Water's ability to extinguish Class A fires rests on its ability to cool the fuel and exclude oxygen. That is to say, water can remove two elements from the fire triangle discussed in section 2.6. More specifically, water excludes, or dilutes, oxygen by the formation of steam. Its high heat capacity accounts for its cooling ability.

Advantages. Water has two advantages as a Class A extinguisher:

• It is cheap and easily available
• It can be sprayed a relatively long distance.

Water worsens Class B fires because most fuels have a density less than that of water

The fuel will float on top of the water and spread as the water flows to the lower levels

While floating on the water's surface, the fuel's oxygen supply is not disturbed nor is the fuel cooled

Water cannot be used on Class D fires because of the chemical reactions -- specifically oxidations -- which can occur between water and the metal.

4.1.1.2. Carbon dioxide extinguishers

Carbon dioxide is suggested for fires involving delicate instruments and optical systems.

WARNING

Never use carbon dioxide extinguishers against fires caused by lithium aluminum hydride or potassium.

Carbon dioxide extinguishes Class B and C fires by depleting oxygen and cooling the fuel.

Advantages. Carbon dioxide has several advantages:

• It is cheap and readily available
• It leaves no residue
• It requires no propellant since it is delivered as a gas
• It is effective in smothering and cooling burning liquids such as hydrocarbons
• It is nonconductive and therefore safe to use on electrical fires.

• It has a low efficiency in extinguishing fires
• It has a short target range
• It is an asphyxiant (that is, causes suffocation)
• It is delivered at an extremely low temperature and can cause thermal shock and create hairline cracks in circuit boards
• It can cause frostbite on contact with the skin.

Dry chemical monoammonium phosphate (MAP) extinguishers can be used for Class A, B, and C fires.

The dry chemical monoammonium phosphate (MAP) extinguisher, also called the ABC or all-purpose extinguisher, is a broad-ranged extinguisher. The MAP's diversity contributes to the fact it is the type most often found in homes and cars. The MAP extinguisher is suitable for Class A, B, and C fires. Do not use it on organic metal (Class D) fires.

Advantages. The MAP extinguishers have the same advantage as carbon dioxide extinguishers in that they smother the fire and choke off the oxygen supply. This advantage makes MAP extinguishers ideal for use on virtually any material except organic metals.

Disadvantages. However effective, the MAP extinguishers have some disadvantages:

• The MAP extinguishers leave a sticky residue or powder that is especially troublesome in electronic equipment
• The MAP extinguishers have no cooling effect on the fuel or other heated equipment. An additional coolant is sometimes needed to prevent flareup.

Dry chemical potassium or sodium carbonate extinguishers are effective against burning grease and oil.

WARNING

If you are using a coolant to prevent flare-ups in a fire extinguished by dry chemicals:

Turn off or disconnect all electrical equipment!

These dry chemical extinguishers are like MAP extinguishers except that they contain either potassium or sodium carbonate as the extinguishing agent. They can be used on Class B and C fires, but not Class A nor Class D fires.

Advantages. Potassium or sodium bicarbonate extinguishers smother burning grease much faster and more certainly than the MAP extinguisher can. The potassium or sodium bicarbonate interferes with the clumping of fats and oils.

Disadvantages. One chief disadvantage is the sticky residue, which, like the MAP extinguisher, presents the same problems when used on electrical equipment. Also, potassium or sodium bicarbonate extinguishers can have the same problems as the MAP extinguisher in requiring an additional coolant.

4.1.1.5. Halon-gas extinguishers

Halon-gas (halon) extinguishers are effective against electrical fires without causing low-temperature stress effects to electronic equipment.

Halon can be used for Class B and C fires. It is somewhat less effective with Class A fires (see Disadvantages below). Do not use halon on a Class D fire.

Halon-gas (halon) extinguishers put out fires by choking off oxygen. The halon gas is a non-reactive chlorofluorocarbon.

• It leaves no messy residue
• It is not a coolant, and thus causes no temperature stress to sensitive electronic equipment
• It is nonconductive and therefore safe to use on live electronic equipment.

• Halon can produce toxic gases depending on the model used (Halon CF4 does not produce toxins)
• Halon can damage the earth's ozone layer. Recent studies have shown that halon is especially destructive to ozone. Because of this damage, an alternative to halon is being investigated.

4.1.1.6. Extinguishers for Class D fires

Extinguishers for Class D fires are specially-formulated to treat organic and alkali metals that cannot be safely extinguished by other fire extinguisher agents.

WARNING

Never use a Class D-rated extinguisher for Class A, B, or C fires. See the guidelines below.

Class D fires are caused by ignition of organic metals such as lithium (an alkali metal), aluminum, or sodium. Class D fires are particularly troublesome to extinguish because of the intensity with which they burn and their ability to react chemically with normal extinguishing agents. As an example, carbon dioxide will not react with cold sodium but accelerates the burning rate of ignited sodium. Two agents that are used to extinguish Class D fires are sand and sodium chloride.

Guidelines. To extinguish Class D fires:

• Use water, foam, carbon dioxide, or halons on fires involving alkali metals
• Use graphite, soda ash, or powdered sodium chloride on fires involving alkali metals. Be very sure that the extinguishing agent is dry or the moisture can react with the metal.

4.2. Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations

A safety shower and eyewash station must be located within 10 seconds travel of the hazard. Every laboratory worker should know the location of, and how to use the safety shower and eyewash station in order to be able to locate it with eyes closed, if necessary.
 

4.4. Protective Equipment and Clothing

Always make sure that you use protective equipment and clothing in order to anticipate any accident, no matter how slight the danger.

4.4.1. Eye protection

WARNING

Do not wear contact lenses in the laboratory if there is a risk of the lenses:

Reacting with lab chemicals

Being damaged by lab chemicals.

Specific goggles for protection against laser hazards, ultraviolet, or other intense light sources must be worn without exception.

Eye protection must be worn at all times in all laboratories when working with chemicals, conducting an experiment, or using special machinery. Eye protection is not required when conducting an instrumental study.

Prescription glasses will not always provide adequate protection from injury to the eyes. The minimum acceptable protection is hardened glass or plastic safety glasses.

Use safety goggles or face shields of hardened plastic or safety glass. They acceptable eye protection for preventing splashing chemicals, flying particles, or other products of violent chemical reactions from getting into your eyes.

4.4.2. Gloves

Gloves made for skin protection must be worn when working with toxic/corrosive materials or with materials of unknown toxicity. Gloves should be selected on the basis of material being handled and their suitability for the particular laboratory operation. See your Lab Manager or EH&S for chemical compatibility and protection information.

4.4.3. Footwear

Footwear must be worn at all times in the laboratory. Solid-toes shoes are the only type of footwear accepted in the labs. Open-toed shoes are prohibited. They do not protect against glass or spilled chemicals.

4.4.4. Unacceptable clothing

Do not wear loose, skimpy, or torn clothing, dangling neckties, over-large or ragged laboratory coats, shorts or halter tops. Laboratory clothing should protect yourself. If there is a possibility of contamination, cover personal clothing that will be worn home with protective apparel.
 

Chapter 5: Chemical Safety

5.1. Chemical Storage Guidelines

Storing chemicals requires some thought and common sense. Many accidents that result from chemicals are caused by people being unfamiliar with storage procedures or being carelessly negligent. Observe these guidelines for storage after you receive chemicals:

• Move chemicals immediately to a designated storage area. Place large glass containers in carrying containers or shipping containers during transportation. Pack carefully
• Separate chemicals by hazard classification and compatibility in a well identified area, with adequate local ventilation
• Separate mineral acids from flammable and combustible materials. Separation of stored chemicals is defined by the NFPA as stored within the same fire area but separated by as much space as practicable or intervened by storage of incompatible materials
• Place acid-resistant trays shall under bottles of mineral acids
• Separate, and keep from contact with acids, acid-sensitive materials such as cyanides and sulfides
• Store highly toxic chemicals or other chemicals whose containers have been opened in unbreakable secondary containers
• Place chemicals in an outer container or bucket when taken from the storage area
• Make sure that all chemicals are properly labeled before they are put in storage.

Don't store flammables in unapproved refrigerators. See Section 4.4.1.

5.1.1. Storing chemicals at the lab bench

Limit storage of chemicals at the lab bench or other work areas to those amounts necessary for one operation or shift. The container size shall be the minimum convenient. The amounts of chemicals at the lab bench shall be as small as practical. Do not expose chemicals in the workplace to sunlight or heat.

NOTE

Do not use the storage area as a preparation or repackaging station.

5.2. Transportation
Transportation of chemicals presents a potential danger to you or to other workers, and that danger can extend to the general public. Observe these guidelines for transporting chemicals:

• DON’T
• Transport any chemical if you are unsure about its stability, integrity, or behavior
• Transport hazardous wastes yourself
• Transport chemicals during busy times, such as during a change of classes.

• DO
• Place chemicals in a safety container such as an acid-carrying bucket to protect against breaks and spills
• Make sure your transport is stable and safety is observed:
• If you are transporting chemicals on a wheeled cart, the cart should have wheels large enough to go over uneven surfaces without suddenly tipping or stopping
• If you must use a passenger elevator, label the chemicals and carry them in safety containers
• Contact EH&S for shipments of hazardous materials to offsite locations, transport of lab chemicals on public roadways,  and for disposal of hazardous waste.

Lab personnel must examine stored chemicals regularly for replacement, deterioration, and container integrity. The inspection can determine whether any corrosion, deterioration, or damage has occurred to the storage facility as a result of leaking chemicals.

Online chemical inventory must be updated as new chemicals are procured and existing chemicals are disposed or depleted.

5.3. Chemicals With Specific Properties

The guidelines listed below cover handling procedures and safety precautions for chemicals with specific properties.

5.3.1. Flammable liquids

WARNING

Never smoke near flammable liquids!

Never use an open flame near flammable liquids!

Flammable liquids are the most common of hazardous substances found in the laboratory. The ability of a liquid to vaporize, ignite, burn, or explode varies depending on its flash point. A flash point is the temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air. The solvent will not ignite below nor above the flash point.

When flammable materials are being used in a laboratory, close attention should be given to all potential sources of ignition. The vapors of all flammable liquids are heavier than air and capable of traveling considerable distances. Take special note that the ignition sources of flammable materials are usually closer to the ground than the level at which the flammable substance is used.

Observe these guidelines when handling flammable liquids:

• Handle flammable liquids only in areas free of ignition sources
• Place and observe No Smoking signs wherever flammable liquids are handled or stored
• Dispense and use flammable liquids in a hood or well-ventilated area so that flammable vapors will not accumulate
• Substitute nonflammable liquids whenever possible
• Use some other type of heat source, such as a steam bath or water bath, instead of an electrical heat source or open flame.

Transfer flammable liquids carefully. The friction of flowing liquids may be sufficient to generate static electricity which in turn can cause a spark and ignition. Therefore, ground or bond all such large containers before pouring from them.

5.3.1.1. Flash point information

Flash point information is usually available on the label attached to the chemical container, on the MSDS, or in tables. Flammable liquids are those with flash points below 37.7ºC (100º F). Combustible liquids have flash points between 37.7 and 93.3ºC (100 and 210ºF).

Among the most hazardous liquids are those that have flash points at room temperature or lower, particularly if their range of flammability is broad. For a fire to occur, three conditions must exist:

• A concentration of flammable vapor that is within the flammable limits of the substance
• An oxidizing atmosphere such as common air
• A source of ignition, such as paper.

Table 1: Flammability data of common laboratory solvents
 

5.3.1.2. Storage of flammable liquids

The following guidelines should be observed in the storage of flammable liquids:

• Store flammable liquids to comply with those requirements specified in NFPA 30 Flammable Liquids or NFPA 45 Laboratory codes
• Keep only small quantities of flammable liquids available for immediate use
• Use explosion-safe refrigerators and cooling equipment for storing certain reactive or highly-flammable liquids. Explosion-safe equipment is externally wired to remove possible internal sources of ignition. See Chapter 4: Safety Equipment for more information on explosion-proof refrigerators
• Use NFPA-approved flammable-liquid storage cabinets when flammable liquids need to be stored in the laboratory.

NOTE

An ordinary five-gallon container does not provide adequate protection in cases of fire.

An approved safety can with a self-closing cover, vent, and flame arrester is the best container for storing flammable liquids or waste solvents in small quantities.

Table 2: Flammable liquids -- maximum size of containers
 

NOTE Exceptions may be made to regulations for glass for storage of Class 1A and Class 1B liquids up to 1 gallon, but you must ask EH&S for permission first.

Table 3: Flammable liquids -- maximum quantities
 

5.3.2. Toxic materials

Before you start work with a chemical substance, you (the researcher or laboratory person) should be familiar with certain aspects of the chemical, particularly:

• The types of toxicity of the chemical
• The toxic dose of the chemical
• The hazards of the chemical.

Toxicity is the capability of a chemical to induce injury in a body. Almost any substance is toxic when taken in doses exceeding tolerable limits.

Hazard is the probability that an injury will occur or the chance that a person will be exposed to a toxic dose.

The effects of a toxic chemical may be sorted into several categories:

• Local toxicity is the effect a substance has on the body tissues on the point of contact
• Systemic toxicity is the effect a substance has on the body tissues other then on the point of contact
• Acute toxicity is the effect a substance has after only a few short, relatively large exposures
• Chronic toxicity is the effect a substance has as a result of many small exposures over a long period of time.

• Acrolein
• Allyl alcohol
• Metal cyanides
• Strong bases and acids
• Phenols
• Phosgene
• Nitrobenzene
• Toulene-diisocyanate.

A person can be exposed to a chemical substance through a number of different routes:

• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Contact with skin or eyes.

Inhalation of toxic vapors, mists, gases, or dusts can result in poisoning by absorption through the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and lungs and can cause serious effects. Lungs have a large surface area: a total surface area of 90 square meters. This large surface area, along with continuous blood flow, will rapidly absorb inhaled gases or vapors and carry them into the circulatory system.

The rate of absorption will vary with the concentration of the toxic substance, its solubility, and the individual inhalation rate. The degree of injury from exposure to a toxic substance depends on the toxicity of the material, its solubility in tissue fluids, and the concentration and duration of exposure.

Table 4: Combined tabulation of toxicity classes
 

5.3.2.2. Ingestion

Ingestion of chemicals used in the laboratory can result in significant bodily injury. The relative acute toxicity of a chemical can be determined by its oral Lethal Dose 50% (oral LD50). An oral LD50 is the quantity of material ingested that will cause 50% of test animal deaths. Oral LD50 is usually expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/ kg body weight).

To prevent ingestion of chemicals:

• Wash your hands immediately after using any toxic substance and before leaving the laboratory
• Do not store or consume food, drink, or tobacco in areas where chemicals are being used
• Most importantly, chemicals must never be tasted.

Two other ways of ingestion are through contact with skin or eyes.

Skin contact. Skin contact is the most frequent route of exposure to chemical substances. A common result of skin contact is local irritation. But, some materials can be absorbed sufficiently through the skin to cause systemic poisoning.

To protect against skin contact with chemicals, use gloves, laboratory coats, tongs, and other protective devices. Consult chemical resistance charts for determining what types of clothing and materials resist the corrosive actions of specific chemicals.

Eye contact. Eye contact with most chemicals will result in pain and irritation. The vascular network of the eyes permits rapid absorption of many chemicals. And, a considerable number of chemical substances are capable of causing burns or vision loss. Alkaline substances are particularly corrosive and can cause permanent vision loss.

To prevent eye contact with chemicals, you should always wear safety glasses in the laboratory. For even better protection than safety glasses, use face shields, body shields, or safety goggles.

With these aspects in mind, be sure to thoroughly check your experimental procedure before you begin. If you are not sure about a chemical or procedure, contact your Lab Manager or call EH&S. Either contact can help you plan your experiments with toxic chemicals by providing up-to-date safety information.

5.3.3. Particularly dangerous acids

Certain acids are particularly dangerous in concentrated form:

• Nitric acid
• Perchloric acid
• Picric acid
• Hydrofluoric acid.

Nitric acid is a corrosive, flammable oxidizer. It can produce flammable and explosive compounds with many materials: ethers, acetone, and other combustible materials. Paper used to soak up nitric acid may ignite spontaneously when dry. Use nitric acid in a hood only. Store nitric acid away from combustible materials.

5.3.3.2. Perchloric acid

WARNING

Do not keep perchloric acid for more than one year. Explosive crystals can form in the acid.

Perchloric acid forms highly explosive, unstable compounds with many organic compounds and with metals. Unstable perchlorate compounds can collect in the duct work of fume hoods and cause fire or violent explosions.

Observe these guidelines when using perchloric acid:

• Label and date perchloric acid when it is initially received
• Use perchloric acid with extreme caution and with a special fume hood designed for its use. A perchloric acid hood has corrosion-resistant ducts and chemical washdown facilities
• Keep only a small container of perchloric acid if needed for the present experiment
• Store the container in the perchloric acid hood on a glass tray deep enough to hold the contents of the bottle.

Picric acid can form explosive compounds with many combustible materials. When the moisture content decreases, picric acid can become unstable and can explode from being shaken also. Date the container of picric acid and store it away from combustible materials. Do not store picric acid for more than one year.

5.3.3.4. Hydrofluoric acid (HF)

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is extremely corrosive and can even attack glass. All forms -- diluted or concentrated solutions of the vapor -- can cause serious burns. Inhalation of hydrofluoric acid mists or vapors can cause you to suffer serious respiratory tract irritation which can be fatal. Burns from hydrofluoric acid heal slowly and with great difficulty.

NOTE

Hydrofluoric acid must always be used in a suitable, functioning fume hood.

Use gloves, eye protection, and a lab coat when handling the acid.

Take care to avoid contacting hydrofluoric acid with metals or ammonia. Toxic fumes can result from this contact.

Always store hydrofluoric acid in the original, Teflon-lined containers in which it was purchased.

5.3.4. Peroxides and peroxide-forming substances

In general, peroxides are among the most hazardous of substances handled in the laboratory. Organic peroxides are particularly sensitive and unstable. They are a class of compounds that have unusual stability problems. This instability makes them among the most hazardous substances handled in laboratories.

As a class, organic peroxides are considered to be powerful explosives. They are sensitive to heat, friction, impact, and exposure to light. In addition, organic peroxides are sensitive to strong oxidizing and reducing agents. All organic peroxides are flammable. Examples of organic peroxides are:

• Acetyl and benzoyl hydroperoxides
• Di-t-butyl peroxide
• Alkyl and aryl hydroperoxides.

Observe these safety guidelines when using peroxides:

• Do not store peroxides -- especially peroxide-forming substances such as ethers -- in ground, glass-stoppered bottles
• Use metal cans to store peroxides
• Store all peroxides and peroxide-forming materials in a cool place, away from light
• Order ethers and other peroxide-forming substances in small quantities
• Order ethers and peroxide-forming compounds which are relatively stable. For example, order tert-butyl ether instead of ethyl ether
• Date peroxides and peroxide-forming substances:
• Upon receipt
• When packages are opened
• Discard peroxides and peroxide-forming substances:
• Unopened: within a year after receipt
• Opened: within six months after opening package.
• Always handle ethers in a hood to assure proper ventilation. Using the hood can protect individuals from inhaling the vapors and can prevent explosive concentrations of the vapor from accumulating.

Table 5: Common compounds that form peroxides during storage
 

Table 6: Peroxide-forming structures

5.3.5. Corrosives

Corrosives consist of four major classes:

• Strong acids
• Strong bases
• Dehydrating agents
• Oxidizing agents.

5.3.5.1. Storage and use of corrosives

WARNING

When mixing or diluting solutions, do not pour water into acids. The correct procedure is:

Pour acids -- slowly -- into water.

In storing and using corrosives, observe these guidelines:

Store acids and alkalis:

• In a cool-ventilated area
• Away from each other and from metals, flammables, and oxidizing material
• Check the storage area regularly for spills and leaks. Be sure suitable spill cleanup materials are available
• Cap bottles and store them securely
• Clean up spills promptly. Do not leave residue on a bottle or lab bench where a person may come into contact with it
  Wear protective clothing when handling acids or alkalis. Protective clothing includes rubber gloves, eye protection devices, and aprons.

Highly-reactive chemicals and explosives require special care. Certain chemical reactions are considered safe because the reaction rate is either relatively slow or can be easily controlled. However, certain reactions proceed at such a fast rate and generate so much heat that, if left uncontrolled, they result in explosion. Oxidizing agents present fire and explosion hazards on contact with organic compounds and other oxidizable substances.

Reactives are unstable materials that:

• Explode
• React with water violently
• Form explosive mixtures
• Generate dangerous quantities of toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide with water at any pH.

• Inorganic nitrates
• Permanganates
• Chromates and hypochlorite salts
• Concentrated organic and inorganic peroxides
• Chromium trioxide
• Cyanide or sulfide-containing material
• Commercial explosives
• Organic peroxides
• Titanium tetrachloride
• Alkali metals.

• Provide a large surface area for heat exchange to allow sufficient cooling
• Consult the laboratory supervisor or principal investigator when planning an experiment in which reactives are used or hazardous conditions may occur.

In the storage and use of oxidizing agents, observe these guidelines:

• Store oxidizing agents separately from flammable liquids, organics, dehydrating agents, and reducing agents
• Store and use inert containers such as glass for particularly strong oxidizing agents. Do not use rubber or cork stoppers
• Use caution when handling oxidizing agents in the vicinity of flammable materials.

Dehydrating agents include:

• Concentrated sulfuric acid
• Sodium hydroxide
• Phosphorous pentoxide
• Calcium oxide.

5.3.7.1. Storage and use of dehydrating agents

Always store dehydrating agents in a corrosion-resistant cabinet in a cool dry place.

5.3.8. Organic metals

Organic metals are divided into two classes:

• Alkali metals
• Metal powders.

WARNING

Use only special, Class D, dry powder fire extinguishers specifically designed for alkali metals on alkali metal fires.

Alkali metals such as sodium and potassium react violently with water. The metal decomposes the water back into oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen can ignite from the heat of the reaction.

Also, alkali metals can ignite spontaneously in air, especially if one or both of these conditions are present:

• The metal is in powdered form
• The air is moist.

Store alkali metals under mineral oil or kerosene. Avoid using oils containing sulfur since a hazardous reaction can occur

Use care when disposing alkali metal waste:

Place alkali metal waste in a labeled, leak-proof container

Cover with mineral oil

Contact EH&S for waste pickup service.

5.3.8.2. Metal powders

Metal powders are as the name implies: finely ground metal in a powdered form. Metal powders can create certain hazards:

• They can come into contact with acids, then ignite and burn
• They can create a dust explosion hazard. In a common scenario, the powder becomes airborne in an area where a spark or flame is present. Then the powder oxidizes, ignites, and explodes
• They can be highly toxic. Take precautions against inhalation of fine metal powders.

5.3.9. Cryogenics

Cryogenics are materials that are supercooled. Cryogenic materials have certain hazards:

• Cryogenics can cause serious burns on skin
• Cryogenics in containers stored in unvented spaces can build up pressure
• Cryogenics can cause fire, explosion, or asphyxiation if improperly or accidentally evaporated.

Observe these guidelines for storing and using cryogenics:

• Wear eye protection whenever you handle cryogenic liquids
• Use face shields if splashing is a possibility
• Wear appropriate gloves, shoes, and clothing. See Section 4.4: Protective Equipment and Clothing
• Flood exposed areas and clothing with water in case of a splash
• Avoid wearing watches, rings, bracelets, or other jewelry when handling cryogenics
• Provide plenty of ventilation to avoid asphyxiation from cryogenics
• Provide safety venting to anticipate quick, violent pressure changes in cryofluid
• Handle combustible cryogenics such as liquid hydrogen and liquid natural gas in the same manner for combustible gases:
• Provide ventilation
• Keep cryogenics away from open flames and other ignition sources
• Prohibit smoking
• Vent gases to a safe location
• Tape exposed glass portions of a cryogenic container. Securing the glass will reduce the possibility of flying glass if the container should explode.

Observe the following rules when using compressed-gas cylinders:

• Never attempt to refill cylinders
• Don't transport cylinders by carrying by hand or dragging them. Transport cylinders with a hand truck
• Don't use cylinders without a pressure regulator
• Don't rely on a regulator to stop overnight gas flow of cylinders. Close valves when cylinders are not in use
• Label all gas cylinders to identify their contents
• Know the properties of the chemical contents of gas cylinders
• Handle gas cylinders carefully
• Store and use gas cylinders in well-ventilated areas
• Keep away from heat and ignition sources
• Keep oxygen cylinders away from flammable gas
• Keep reactive gases separate
• Chain or strap in place cylinders to prevent them from falling over
• Keep metal caps on at all times when the cylinders are not in use
• Close valves on empty cylinders and mark the cylinder EMPTY.

Do not use color codes to label cylinders. Colors can cause confusion, especially to someone who is color-blind.
5.4. Radioactive materials
Radioactive materials are liquids and solids that spontaneously emit Alpha, Beta, or Gamma radiation. Radioactive materials require special lab procedures and laboratory supervision.

Radiation, both in natural form and from laboratory chemicals (radioisotopes), can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans and living animals. When handling radioactive materials , you must always work under the supervision of a competently-trained person registered with EH&S. Consult the UCF Radiation Safety Manual

NOTE

Consult EH&S if you need to work with radioactive materials.
5.5. Biological Hazards
Certain laboratory materials can be hazardous by being a biological hazard, an infectious disease hazard, or an etiological agent. These hazards require special equipment, laboratory procedures, and waste procedures.

Examples: chronic toxins, embryo-tetrotoxins, and etiological agents. Etiological agents are a variable micro-organism or its toxin which causes human disease.

NOTE

Please consult the EH&S Biological Safety Guidebook for information and for more detailed biological safety measures than described here.

OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard requires all laboratories handling biologically-hazardous chemicals to have an exposure control plan specific to these hazards.
 

5.6. Other Hazardous Materials
Hazardous materials, as discussed in the previous sections of this chapter, are defined as chemicals with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704 ratings of 2 or greater in: health, flammability, or instability.  For more information on NFPA ratings, visit  http://www.ehs.ucf.edu/chemical/704_ratings.pdf

5.6.1. Incompatible hazardous materials

Certain combinations of chemicals are particularly dangerous and should be avoided. The properties of hazardous materials determine what precautions to take for individual chemicals. See Table 7 beginning on the next page for a quick review of incompatible chemicals. Use this table when planning storage arrangements. Also, use this table to avoid storing incompatible chemicals together.

Table 7: Incompatible Chemicals
 

5.6.2. Specific hazardous materials

These sections give brief health and safety information on specific hazardous materials.

5.6.2.1. Acetylenic compounds

Acetylenic compounds are explosive mixtures with combinations with air ranging from 2.5% to 80%.

At pressures of 2 or more atmospheres, acetylene (C2 H2) subjected to an electrical discharge or high temperatures decomposes with explosive violence. Dry acetylides detonate on receiving the slightest shock.

5.6.2.2. Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3)

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) should be considered a potentially dangerous material. It reacts violently with water or alcohols. If any moisture is present, decomposition products such as HCI vapor can build up considerable pressure in the containers.

5.6.2.3. Ammonia

WARNING

Never store ammonia near chlorine bleach.

Never mix or use ammonia with bleach.

Ammonia reacts with iodine to create nitrogen triiodide, which is explosive. Ammonia added to hypochlorites liberates dangerous chlorine gas.

5.6.2.4. Benzoyl peroxide

Benzoyl peroxide, when dry, is easily ignited and sensitive to shock. It decomposes spontaneously at temperatures above 50 ºC (122.0 ºF).

5.6.2.5. Carbon disulfide

Carbon disulfide is both very toxic and very flammable; mixed with air, its vapors can be ignited by a steam bath or pipe, a hot plate, or a glowing light bulb.

5.6.2.6. Catalysts

Catalysts such as palladium or platinum on carbon, platinum oxide, Raney nickel, and other catalysts should be filtered from catalytic hydrogenation reaction mixtures carefully. The recovered catalyst is usually saturated with exposure to air. Particularly in large-scale reactions, the filter cake should not be allowed to become dry.

Another hazard in working with such catalysts is the danger of explosion if additional catalyst is added to a flask in which hydrogen is present.

NOTE

The funnel containing the catalyst filter cake should be put into a water bath immediately after completion of the filtration.

5.6.2.7. Chlorine

Chlorine reacts violently with hydrogen or with hydrocarbons when exposed to sunlight. Chlorine gas and chlorine-producing compounds require special handling procedures. Consult the MSDS or call EH&S for more information.

5.6.2.8. Diazomethane

Diazomethane (CH2N2) and closely-related compounds must be treated with extreme caution. They are very toxic; the pure gases and liquids of these compounds explode readily. Solutions are most safely kept in ether.

5.6.2.9. Dimethyl sulfoxide ([CH3]2S0)

Dimethyl sulfoxide ([CH3]2S0) decomposes violently on contact with a large variety of active halogen compounds. Dimethyl sulfoxide has a history of explosions from contact with active metal hydrides. The exact toxicity level of dimethyl sulfoxide is still unknown, but it does penetrate and dissolve substances through the skin membrane.

5.6.2.10. Dry ice

Dry ice must never be kept in a container designed to withstand pressure.

As a practical example, containers with other substances, when stored over dry ice for extended periods, can absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). If one the containers is removed from storage and allowed to come rapidly to room temperature, a dangerous hazard develops. The carbon dioxide builds internal pressure and bursts the container with explosive violence. When removing such a container from storage, loosen the stopper or wrap the container itself in towels and keep behind a shield.

NOTE

Dry ice is a cryogenic and can produce serious burns on the skin.

Always use appropriate gloves or utensils when handling dry ice. Never use your bare hands!

If a dry ice burn occurs, treat area with generous amounts of room-temperature water and follow procedures as described in Section 3.2.4: Burns and scalds.

5.6.2.11. Drying agents

Drying agents such as Ascariter must not be mixed with phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) because the mixture may explode if it is warmed with a trace of water.

The cobalt salts used as moisture indicators in some drying agents may be extracted by some organic solvents. Restrict the use of these drying agents to gases.

5.6.2.12. Diethyl diisopropyl (and other ethers)

WARNING

Never attempt to move containers of ether that appear rusty or corroded.

Diethyl diisopropyl and other ethers are prone to exploding during heating or refluxing because of the presence of peroxides. See Section 5.3.4: Peroxides and peroxide-forming structures.

Ferrous salts or sodium bisulfate can be used to decompose the peroxides, and passage over basic active alumina will remove most of the peroxide material.

However, do not use old containers of ethers. Declare these containers as waste and contact EH&S for removal.

5.6.2.13. Ethylene oxide (C2H4O)

Ethylene oxide (C2H4O) has been known to explode when heated in a closed vessel. When using ethylene oxide under pressure, conduct experiments behind suitable barricades.

5.6.2.14. Halogenated compounds

Halogenated compounds such as chloroform (CHCl3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) must not be dried with sodium, potassium, or other active metal. Violent explosions are usually the result of such attempts. Also, many halogenated compounds are toxic. Use them in a well-ventilated area such as in a fumehood.

5.6.2.15. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stronger than 3% undiluted is dangerous; it causes serious burns to the skin. Thirty percent (30%) hydrogen peroxide may decompose violently if contaminated with iron, copper, chromium, and other metals or their salts.

5.6.2.16. Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4)

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) must never be used to dry methyl ethers or tetrahydrofuran. Fires resulting from this type of drying are very common. In addition, the products of the reaction of lithium aluminum hydride with carbon dioxide have been reported to be explosive.

NOTE

Do not use carbon dioxide or bicarbonate extinguishers for lithium aluminum hydride fires. Instead, smother the fire with sand or some other inert substance.

Also, do not use carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, and bicarbonate extinguishers for any alkali metal fires, including lithium aluminum hydride.

5.6.2.17. Perchlorates

Perchlorates such as perchloric acid (HClO4) must be avoided wherever possible. Particularly avoid using perchlorates as drying agents if there is:

• A possibility of contact with organic compounds
• A possibility of proximity to a dehydrating acid strong enough to concentrate the perchloric acid to more than 70% strength, such as in a drying train that has a bubble container containing sulfuric acid.

Conduct perchloric acid evaporation only in fume hoods designed specifically for that purpose. The hoods must be equipped with plumbing for washdown.

5.6.2.18. Permanganates

Permanganates are explosive when treated with sulfuric acid. When both compounds are used in an absorption train, an empty trap should be placed between them.

5.6.2.19. Peroxides -- Inorganic

Inorganic peroxides, when mixed with combustible materials such as barium, sodium, and potassium, form explosives that ignite easily.

5.6.2.20. Peroxides -- Organic

Organic peroxides are a class of compounds that have unusual stability problems that make them among the most hazardous substances used in laboratories. As a class, organic peroxides are considered to be powerful explosives. They are sensitive to heat, friction, impact, and light, as well as to strong oxidizing and reducing agents.

All organic peroxides are flammable. See Pages 83 and 84 for more information on organic peroxides. Also see Tables 6 and 7 on Pages 85 and 86.

Suggestions for safe use and storage of ether and other peroxidizable materials:

• All peroxidizable materials should be stored in a cool place, away from light. Metal cans are preferable; do not store ethers in ground glass-stoppered bottles
• Ethers and peroxidizable materials shall be ordered only in small quantities and should be dated upon receipt and when opened. They should be discarded within a year after receipt if unopened, or within six months of opening
• Ethers shall always be handled in a hood to assure proper ventilation. This will protect individuals from inhaling the vapors and prevent accumulation of explosive concentrations of the vapor. For methods of peroxide detection and removal, consult EH&S.

Never order excess amounts of ether!

Periodically check the condition of ether stocks!

5.6.2.21. Phosphorous (P)

Phosphorous (P) forms explosive mixtures with oxidizing agents. The reaction of phosphorous with aqueous hydroxide causes the combination to produce a gas named phosphine, which may either burst into flame spontaneously or explode in air.

The types of phosphorous are red, white, and yellow. White phosphorous is the most dangerous because it is spontaneously flammable in air. Store white phosphorous under water to prevent this spontaneous reaction.

Other solutions such as oil can be used to keep phosphorous from reacting or becoming explosive. Consult the MSDS for storage information on phosphorous.

5.6.2.22. Phosphorous trichloride (PCl3)

Phosphorous trichloride (PCl3) reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, which decomposes on heating to form phosphine, which may ignite spontaneously or explode. Open containers of phosphorous trichloride with care.

NOTE

Do not expose and heat samples of phosphorous trichloride without adequate shielding to protect yourself or the person doing the operation.

5.6.2.23. Potassium (K)

Potassium (K) is generally more reactive than sodium, igniting quickly on exposure to humid air. Potassium must be handled under the surface of a hydrocarbon solvent. Mineral oil and toluene are solvents that allow safe handling of potassium.

Destroy scraps of potassium by reaction with h-butyl alcohol.

5.6.2.24. Sodium (Na)

Sodium (Na) is stored safest in a closed container under kerosene, toluene, or other mineral oil. Destroy scraps of sodium by reaction with h-butyl alcohol. Avoid contact with water. Sodium reacts violently with water to form hydrogen and causes sufficient heat for ignition.

5.6.2.25. Sodium azide

WARNING

Do not pour sodium azide down a copper or lead drain. Lead and copper are part of a family of heavy metal azides that detonate easily and unpredictably.

Sodium azide reacts violently with benzoyl chloride plus potassium hydroxide, bromine, carbon disulfide, chromium oxychloride, copper, lead, nitric acid, dimethylsulfate and dibromomalonitrile.

NOTE

Sodium azide should not be allowed to come in contact with heavy metals or their salts. Consult EH&S when dealing with sodium azide waste.

5.6.2.26. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Sulfuric acid is one of the most corrosive chemicals known to humans. The chemical is not recommended as a drying agent in dessicators. However, if sulfuric acid must be used, place glass beads in the dessicator to prevent splashing if it is moved.

NOTE

Always wear protective clothing when handling sulfuric acid.

The use of sulfuric acid in melting point baths should be avoided. Use silicone oil should be used instead.

To dilute sulfuric acid, add the acid slowly to cold water.

5.6.2.27. Trichloroethylene (Cl2CCHCl)

Trichloroethylene (Cl2CCHCl) reacts under a variety of conditions with potassium or sodium hydroxide to form dichloroacetylene, which ignites spontaneously in air and detonates readily even at cold temperatures. The compound itself is highly toxic and suitable precautions should be taken when it is used as a degreasing solvent.
 

APPENDIX: Temperature conversion
 

The temperature measurements given in this manual are in Celsius. Although every effort has been made to include the Fahrenheit equivalent, you can determine the Fahrenheit equivalent yourself through a conversion formula. A formula also exists for converting Fahrenheit into Celsius.

A.1. Celsius to Fahrenheit

To convert Celsius into Fahrenheit, use this formula:
(ºC x [9 ö 5] ) + 32 = ºF.

Example:
(- 17.78ºC x [9 ö 5] ) + 32
(- 17.78ºC x 1.8 ) + 32
-32.004 + 32
= - 0.004ºF (0ºF).

A.2. Fahrenheit to Celsius

To convert Fahrenheit into Celsius, use this formula:
(ºF - 32) x (9 ö 5) = ºC.

Example:
(32ºF - 32) x (9 ö 5)
0 x 1.8
= 0º.

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